StatCounter

Tuesday, June 17, 2025

"Pants on Fire"

"Pants on Fire"
by Joel Bowman

“Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose.”
(The more things change, the more they stay the same.)
~ Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr (1808-1890)

Cefalonia, Greece - “Where is that global warming when you need it?” The cheeky comment was overheard at a little seaside taverna near our temporary digs back in Syros a couple of weeks ago... at least by those sitting within earshot of our table when we said it. The summer “swimming season” had officially begun in Greece... but the waters remained unseasonably fresh, at least for our warm, Aussie blood. Those visiting from cooler climes – Brits, Germans and the perennially fearless Scandinavians – waded into these seas like Bugs Bunny slipping into a cannibal's kettle. Then again, when you’re accustomed to Baltic waters and North Sea icebergs...

To the climate anxious ear, our quips may appear insensitive. But then, if the “era of global boiling has arrived,” as UN Secretary-General António Guterres lectured the world back in 2023, surely a little levity is in order... if only to break the awkward silence around the cauldron as we’re all poached and simmered to death.

Privilege Checked: Of course, it goes without saying that, as a white, heterosexual male... with not one but two functional arms... we speak from a position of privilege as unforgivable as it is unearned. As such, the plight of any number of marginalized communities remains eternally beyond our grasp... intellectually... emotionally... spiritually... and otherly. Not that our unfortunate advantages excuse us from “doing the work” to understand things we can never know anyway. There’s always more to be done, especially when the claims made by the high priests of climate alarmism remain beyond conceivable doubt.

In the meantime, here is a smattering of hyperventilating headlines, with which to flagellate ourselves from here to Hades...

"Why Climate Change is Inherently Racist" ~ BBC

""Gender equality is the missing piece in the climate debate" ~ United Nations Development Programme

"Climate vs. War: How Combating the Climate Crisis Can Help Ukraine" ~ Vox

"The Disproportionate Impact of Climate the Climate Crisis on the LGBTQIA2S+ Community" ~ Greenpeace

"Pakistani Trans Community is Especially Vulnerable to Climate Crisis" ~ Global Health NOW

"Climate Change Leaves Transgender Indians Even More Vulnerable" ~ The Washington Blade

"Hundreds of Millions on Verge of Starvation, Billions More Undernourished as Climate Crisis Droughts Take Their Toll" ~ BNE

"Climate Change’s Overlooked Role in Obesity " ~ Global Health NOW

Yes, dear reader... whether the victims are Indian or Pakistani... fat or skinny... female or non-male... black or brown or non-white... gay, trans or two-spirit animal... The climate “crisis” is only making matters worse... and it’s all our fault!

Climate Agnosticism: And yet, for all our immutable characteristics and unpardonable life choices, our inexpiable sins nevertheless failed to raise the sea temperature down the hill even to the seasonal average. From seatemperature.info: "Water temperature in Syros today is 21°C, below the June average of 22.5°C. Based on our historical data, the warmest water on this day in Syros was recorded in 2010 and was 24.8°C, and the coldest was recorded in 2022 at 21.4°C."

Perhaps a few more carbon belching plane flights are in order. (If only we could spring for private jet-setting; then we could aspire to the kind of difference Bill Gates and Leo DiCaprio and John Kerry make daily, without even breaking a sweat.) All of this is merely anecdotal, of course, a few jibes amidst a sea of our own acknowledged ignorance. When it comes to the unquestionable tenets of the Climate Change Cult, your editor remains radically agnostic.

How, then, does one assess some of the above headlines, some of which were presumably not written in jest (or at least not on purpose)? Take the claim that “hundreds of millions are on the verge of starvation, with billions more undernourished.” How does that square with, say, the verifiable fact that hunger deaths have (mercifully) collapsed over the past generation, as global crop yields skyrocket to historical records year… after year… after year?

In 1928, the League of Nations estimated that more than two-thirds (65%) of humanity lived in a “constant state of hunger.” By 1970, malnutrition afflicted “just” one quarter (25%) of the world’s population. And by 2008, the number of people considered “chronically hungry” was down to less than one in ten. The favorable trend is particularly noticeable among children, who are the most vulnerable to the historical scourge of malnutrition. From the Financial Post:

Click image for larger size.

Please Sir, Can I Have Some More? What accounts for this rapid decline in hungry little mouths? Writes Danish political scientist and “skeptical environmentalist,” Bjorn Lomborg: "Hunger is way down because incomes have risen dramatically and humanity has become much better at producing food. We have more than quintupled cereal production since 1926, and more than halved global food prices. At the same time, extreme poverty has dropped sharply, allowing parents to buy their children more and better food."

And don’t look now, but here’s more positive news... this time from Our World in Data, citing figures sourced from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Their reports show total agricultural output (adjusted for inflation) increasing by over 310% during the last six decades. That’s almost double the rate of population increase, which grew by ~160% over the same period (from ~3 billion in 1961 to ~8 billion in 2025).

Click image for larger size.

Whether looking at the production of potatoes (+200%), wheat (+245%), maize (+400%), or soybeans (+1,280%), the world’s leading food crops are handily outpacing population growth. And that trend looks set to continue. Lomborg, again: "As we move towards 2050, continuing increases in incomes will almost eradicate extreme poverty. At the same time, food prices will likely decline slightly or stay about the same, as even more people switch to higher-quality, more expensive foods. All credible forecasts see even lower levels of malnutrition by mid-century."

As for the role dreaded carbon dioxide has played in all this, Lomborg is heretical in citing reality: "Carbon dioxide is a fertilizer. Tomato producers routinely pump it into their greenhouses to boost productivity. It has a similar impact across the living world. Since the 1970s, the rising concentration of CO₂ has caused the planet to become greener, producing more biomass. Satellites show that since 2000 the world has so many more green leaves their total additional area is larger than Australia."

Starvation down... crop yields up... biomass expanding... and life flourishing. What on God’s greening earth is to be done?

Deaths in Decline: Meanwhile, death rates from natural disasters – including droughts, floods, extreme temperatures, wildfires, glacial lake outbursts, etc. – are collapsing. In the decade from 1920-1930, 26.5 people per one hundred thousand died from such catastrophic events. The rate a century on: less than half a person per thousand...a non-trivial 98.11% reduction. Again, from Our World in Data:

Click image for larger size.

Reading through the headlines and parsing the data, it’s almost as though we’re living on a different planet from the Political-Celebrity Industrial Complex...one that is not teetering on the brink of a mass extinction event, but one in which poverty is decreasing precipitously as food production hits record after record...where deaths from extreme weather events have collapsed over the past century, thanks in large part to a general increase in wealth per capita, in which access to cheap, reliable energy in the form of fossil fuels and nuclear power has delivered billions from the grips of poverty and misery.

We don’t claim to know what the temperature will be a year... a decade... a century from now. Nor do we claim to know what should... or even could... be done to alter it, if indeed that were definitively demonstrated to be a net positive outcome.

Moreover, we don’t pretend to understand the myriad opportunity costs involved in such a complex re-tooling of the global economy, administered and enforced by precisely the same clutch of corrupt politicians who have proven themselves least qualified to do so, nor what might be the inevitable and unintended consequences such a project might unleash on the rest of us. Helpfully, the world divides itself into two camps on these – and many other – pertinent questions: those who admit they don’t know all the answers... and liars."

"How It Really Is"

"So long as the deceit ran along quiet and monotonous, all of us let 
ourselves be deceived, abetting it unawares or maybe through cowardice..." 
- William Faulkner

Bill Bonner, "No Big Deal"

"No Big Deal"
by Bill Bonner

"We can easily get a deal done between
 Israel and Iran and end this bloody conflict.’
- Donald J Trump

Youghal, Ireland - "One of the most surprising things about the Trump regime is how few deals the great deal maker actually does. No deal the frozen North of Greenland or Canada, or in the tropics of the Panama Canal. But who thought anything else would happen? Nothing should have happened; and nothing did happen. And…maybe public policy is more than just trying to get a better deal.

There are the wars, for example, sponsored and funded by the US, in the Ukraine and Gaza. It would be easy for the US to stop the killing. Just cut off the flow of money and weapons to the killers. But that wouldn’t need a deal maker. That would require an act of genuine disruption - standing up to the firepower industry and mega-donors…defying the neocons and Zionists. And so, no deal; the violence continues.

There was no deal for the DOGE either. Musk found waste — in the billions. Congress and the White House could have followed up…cutting programs and budgets permanently. No deal was needed. And no great insight either. The politicians know how much the US Treasury is likely to receive in tax collections. All they need is the backbone to keep the outgo below the income. But Congress, which controls (or rather, doesn’t control) the budget, doesn’t really want to cut spending. Neither does POTUS. DOGE was just for show.

There were also the tariffs. According to Trump Team promises, the president was going to impose ‘reciprocal’ tariffs that would make the whole global trade system fair…and bring manufacturing back to the US. But after the stock market cracked, he gave up and went back to deal making. And the deals never get done, because the real deals are made between buyers and sellers, not between hack tariff negotiators. Team Trump could get out of the way and let the traders do the deals. Instead, tariffs are set, paused, modified, re-negotiated…and we end up with a moveable hodge-podge of taxes on trade (aka tariffs)…which makes it almost impossible for the real traders to do business. The Daily Mail:

"Companies are warning how turmoil and confusion around Trump's trade wars is slowing the progress made in reinvigorating American factories. The latest jobs report revealed that manufacturing jobs declined by 8,000 last month - the most this year so far. Anxiety is high in the Midwest, which remains home to the largest concentration of US manufacturing jobs -  despite losing tens of thousands of workers to offshoring in the early 2000s. 'Overall, it is going to be a drag on the US economy,' Gus Faucher, chief economist for PNC Financial Services Group in Pittsburgh, told Bloomberg."

The fake ‘deal-making’ also encourages foreigners to make deals of their own. The New York Times: "Trump Is Pushing Allies Away and Closer to Each Other." "America’s closest allies are increasingly turning to each other to advance their interests, deepening their ties as the Trump administration challenges them with tariffs and other measures that are upending trade, diplomacy and defense. Concerned by shifting U.S. priorities under President Trump, some of America’s traditional partners on the world stage have spent the turbulent months since Mr. Trump’s January inauguration focusing on building up their direct relationships, flexing diplomatic muscles and leaving the United States aside."

But Trump’s most important ‘deal’ - to bring federal spending and deficits under control - was never even proposed. There again, the fault lies not in the president’s deal-making skills. The budget could be balanced. But the president has no interest in making that deal. Because that deal means taking short term pain in exchange for a long-term benefit. That’s not the way politics, or Donald J. Trump, work. So, the deficits keep coming.

And now…another war…another opportunity for fake deal making! It is a war of geo-political hygiene, say its sponsors (the US and Israel)…designed to immunize the Mideast against a nuclear-armed Iran. But everybody knows Iran poses no real nuclear threat. Director of National Intelligence, Tulsi Gabbard: ‘We continue to assess Iran is not building a nuclear weapon and that Supreme Leader Khamenei has not reauthorized the nuclear weapons program he suspended in 2003.’

Even if Iran had a nuclear bomb (which it doesn’t) imagine what would happen if it dared to use it. Israel, with hundreds of nukes, would obliterate it. That’s why Iran agreed to give up its nuke program…and submit to regular inspections - not because its leaders are pure-hearted saints, but because nuclear weapons would do them no good. That was a real deal. Iran dumped the expense of a useless nuclear weapons program; Israel no longer had to worry about it. And now, the US could stop the killing and destruction easily. It could stop supporting it. But it is a war begun on false premises. Fake deal-making won’t stop it. Instead, the whole world tilts toward violence."

"Market Note, by Tom Dyson"
"This chart shows investment in oil supply, adjusted for inflation. Pumping a hundred million barrels of oil from out of the ground – each day – is hard work and takes a lot of money. But they aren’t investing enough to sustain it. This chart suggests that oil supply is about to get a lot scarcer. Maybe not immediately, but soon. US oil production growth is already peaking, for example. Makes you wonder, could oil be the more likely reason they’re trying to topple Iran’s government?"
Click image for larger size.

"Iran's Lethal Blows, The Strategic Deception Operation"

Full screen recommended.
Mahmood OD, 6/17/25
"Iran's Lethal Blows, 
The Strategic Deception Operation"
Comments here:
o
Full screen recommended.
Times Of India, 6/17/25
"Iran ‘Carpet-bombs’ Tel Aviv,
 IDF Intel HQ, Mossad Center ‘Explodes’"
"The IRGC issued a statement a short while back that it had struck Israeli military's Intelligence HQ and Mossad Operations center in an airstrike on Tel Aviv. Footage on social media showed thick plumes of smoke emanating from buildings reportedly from Tel Aviv. The attacks follow a fresh missile barrage that hit central Israel in the morning. The attack caused widespread damage and triggered fires. This was Tehran's revenge for the IDF strike on the building of Iran's state TV - IRIB - last night."
Comments here:
o
Full screen recommended.
Oneindia News, 6/17/25
"Iran Kills Mossad Chief David Barnea? 
Terrifying Video Shows Mossad HQ Bombed to Ashes"
Comments here:

Gregory Mannarino, "The Fiat System Collapse: Problem, Reaction, Solution"

Gregory Mannarino, 6/17/25
"The Fiat System Collapse: Problem, Reaction, Solution"
https://traderschoice.net/
Comments here:
o
Full screen recommended.
Hindustan Times, 6/17/25
"Khamenei To Close Strait Of Hormuz? 
Why This Move Will Devastate World Economy"
"Strait of Hormuz is a narrow channel, approximately 30 miles wide at the narrowest point. Strait of Hormuz is deep & relatively free of maritime hazards & lies between Oman & Iran. Some reports suggest Iran is now threatening to close the vital strait of Hormuz amid war with Israel. Watch for all the details."
Comments here:

"Jeffrey Sachs: US Prepares to Join War Against Iran"

Prof. Glenn Diesen, 6/17/25
"Jeffrey Sachs: US Prepares to Join War Against Iran"
"Prof. Jeffrey Sachs is a world-renowned economics professor, an advisor to political leaders around the world, a bestselling author, and a global leader in sustainable development. Prof. Sachs discusses the reckless surprise attack on Iran, and the dangerous escalation as the US is making preparations to join the war."
Comments here:
Follow Prof. Glenn Diesen:
o
Judge Napolitano - Judging Freedom, AM 6/17/25
"Prof. Jeffrey Sachs: Trump and War"
Comments here:

Monday, June 16, 2025

"Trump Orders 17 Million To Leave Tehran Before Attack; Oil Tankers On Fire!"

Full screen recommended.
Prepper News, 6/16/25
"Trump Orders 17 Million To Leave Tehran 
Before Attack; Oil Tankers On Fire!"
Comments here:

"The 2025 Crash Is Now Accelerating, This Is Going To Get Bad"

Jeremiah Babe, 6/16/25
"The 2025 Crash Is Now Accelerating,
 This Is Going To Get Bad"
Comments here:

"Gas Stations Will Go Empty In The Days Ahead As Oil Supplies Collapse And Prices Skyrocket"

Full screen recommended.
Epic Economist, 6/16/25
"Gas Stations Will Go Empty In The Days Ahead 
As Oil Supplies Collapse And Prices Skyrocket"

Gas stations across America could run completely dry in just days. We're not talking about expensive fuel anymore – we're talking about no fuel at all. Right now, as you're watching this video, Iranian lawmakers are seriously considering a move that could send shockwaves through every gas station from coast to coast. They're threatening to close the Strait of Hormuz – the narrow waterway that carries 20% of the world's oil supply. If that happens, we won't just see $5 gas. We won't just see $7 gas. We could see gas stations with bags over the pumps and "NO FUEL" signs everywhere you look.

Remember the 1970s oil crisis? The long lines? The rationing? The panic buying? That's about to look like child's play compared to what's coming. The dominoes are already falling in the Middle East, and the final domino is going to land right at your local gas station. Within 48 hours, this situation could spiral completely out of control. Here's why you need to prepare now.
Comments here:

"Iran Prepares Largest Attack 'In History', 4 F-35's Shot Down!? Trump Prepares for War"

Full screen recommended.
Prepper news, 6/16/25
"Iran Prepares Largest Attack 'In History',
 4 F-35's Shot Down!? Trump Prepares for War"
Comments here:

Musical Interlude: Enya, "A Day Without Rain"

Full screen recommended.
Enya, "A Day Without Rain"

"A Look to the Heavens"

“What powers are being wielded in the Wizard Nebula? Gravitation strong enough to form stars, and stellar winds and radiations powerful enough to create and dissolve towers of gas. Located only 8,000 light years away, the Wizard nebula, pictured above, surrounds developing open star cluster NGC 7380. Visually, the interplay of stars, gas, and dust has created a shape that appears to some like a fictional medieval sorcerer.
The active star forming region spans 100 about light years, making it appear larger than the angular extent of the Moon. The Wizard Nebula can be located with a small telescope toward the constellation of the King of Aethiopia (Cepheus) Although the nebula may last only a few million years, some of the stars being formed may outlive our Sun.”

Chet Raymo, “Telling Stories”

“Telling Stories”
by Chet Raymo

"When the pulse of the first day carried it to the rim of night, First Woman said to First Man, "The people need to know the laws. To help them we must write the laws for all to see"... And so she began, slowly, first one and then the next, placing her jewels across the dome of night, carefully designing her pattern so all could read it. But Coyote grew bored watching First Woman carefully arranging the stars in the sky: Impatiently he gathered two corners of First Woman's blanket, and before she could stop him he flung the remaining stars out into the night, spilling them in wild disarray, shattering First Woman's careful patterns."

This episode from the Navajo creation story of is from "How the Stars Fell Into the Sky", a children's book by Jerrie Oughton. It is a lovely story, full of ancient wisdom. For centuries, Navajo children heard the story at an elder's knee. The story was taken literally, or at least accepted with a willing suspension of disbelief. I heard a similar creation story in my youth - of Adam and Eve and the Garden of Eden, the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, and the Serpent. I accepted the story with a willing suspension of disbelief.

All cultures, everywhere on Earth, have stories, passed down in scriptures, traditions or tribal myths, that answer the questions: Where did the world come from? What is our place in it? What is the source of order and disorder? What will be the fate of the world? Of ourselves? No people can live without a community story. The problem comes when the community story becomes so disconnected from empirical experience that it no longer commands a suspension of disbelief. For many of us in the West, that is the case with the creation stories that have undergirded Western civilization.

Today, a New Story exists for those who choose to accept it. It is the product of thousands of years of human curiosity, observation, experimentation, and creativity. It is an evolving story, not yet finished. Perhaps it will never be finished. It is a story that begins with an explosion from a seed of infinite energy. The seed expands and cools. Particles form, then atoms of hydrogen and helium. Stars and galaxies coalesce from swirling gas. Stars burn and explode, forging heavy elements - carbon, nitrogen, oxygen - and hurling them into space. New stars are born, with planets made of heavy elements.

On one planet near a typical star in a typical galaxy life appears in the form of microscopic self-replicating, carbon-based ensembles of atoms. Life evolves, over billions of years, resulting in ever more complex organisms. Continents move. Seas rise and fall. The atmosphere changes. Millions of species of life appear and become extinct. Others adapt, survive, and spill out progeny. At last, consciousness appears. One of the millions of species on the planet looks into the night sky and wonders what it means. Feels the spark of love, tenderness, responsibility. Makes up stories - of First Woman and Coyote, of Adam, Eve and the Serpent - eventually making up the New Story. The New Story places us squarely in a cosmic unfolding of space and time, and teaches our biological affinity to all humanity. We are inextricably related to all of life, to the planet itself, and even to the lives of stars.

It has been the task of many of us gathered here on this cyber porch to help wed the New Story to the spiritual quest, to create what Thomas Berry calls an "integral story." In his introduction to Kathleen Deignan's collection of Thomas Merton's nature writing, Berry writes: "Today, in the opening years of the twenty-first century, we find ourselves in a critical moment when the religious traditions need to awaken again to the natural world as the primary manifestation of the divine to human intelligence. The very nature and purpose of the human is to experience this intimate presence that comes to us through natural phenomena. Such is the purpose of having eyes and ears and feeling sensitivity, and all our other senses. We have no inner spiritual development without outer experience. Immediately, when we see or experience any natural phenomenon, when we see a flower, a butterfly, a tree, when we feel the evening breeze flow over us or wade in a stream of clear water, our natural response is immediate, intuitive, transforming, ecstatic. Everywhere we find ourselves invaded by the world of the sacred."

Berry reminds us that we will neither love nor save what we do not experience as sacred. The older creation stories locate the source of the sacred outside of the creation. The New Story, the scientific story of creation, provides unique opportunities to experience the creation itself as holy and good.

We should treasure the ancient stories for the wisdom and values they teach us. We can praise the creation in whatever poetic languages and rituals our traditional cultures have taught us. But only the New Story has the global authority to help us navigate the future. Of all the stories, it is certainly the truest. It is the only story whose feet have been held to the fire of exacting empirical experience.”

The Poet: William Stafford, "You Reading This, Be Ready"

"You Reading This, Be Ready"

"Starting here, what do you want to remember?
How sunlight creeps along a shining floor?
What scent of old wood hovers, what softened
sound from outside fills the air?

Will you ever bring a better gift for the world
than the breathing respect that you carry
wherever you go right now? Are you waiting
for time to show you some better thoughts?

When you turn around, starting here, lift this
new glimpse that you found; carry into evening
all that you want from this day. This interval you spent
reading or hearing this, keep it for life.

What can anyone give you greater than now,
starting here, right in this room, when you turn around?"

- William Stafford

"It Just Means..."

 

"10 Gross Facts That Confirm the Middle Ages Were Beyond Filthy"

"10 Gross Facts That Confirm
the Middle Ages Were Beyond Filthy"
by Selme Angulo

"The Middle Ages weren’t the cleanest and most hygienic time to be alive. People didn’t live nearly as long as they do today, and a big part of that was because the medical care, basic hygiene practices, and quality of food were all horrific compared to what we are used to now. It’s difficult to state just how bad those things really were, though. After all, we’re talking about an era of time that is now multiple centuries in the past. It’s difficult to conceive of just how gross daily life must have been like back then!

Well, that’s why we’re here today. In this list, we’re going to take a look at the actual situation on the ground for medieval peasants. Their lives were brutal, their work was difficult, and their happiness was limited to very fleeting moments of joy. And they were filthy all around! This is the real story of how disgusting life was back in the Middle Ages…

Bathing? Nah! Upper-class people during the Middle Ages most often had access to tubs in which they could bathe with water. However, even many of the middle-class folk - or what was roughly considered to be middle class by our modern-day designations - didn’t. And if you were poor? Well, forget about it.

Peasants had to make do with very infrequent access to public baths if they were lucky, but most of them were plain unlucky. So they were forced to haul huge buckets of dirty and grimy river water or illegally gained well water to their homes by hand. Then, with the unheated and dirty water, they had to bathe by hand. Better not waste any water, though! The buckets weren’t huge and there was no faucet or pipe to easily pump in more if they were liberal in applying it to their bodies. For those who were lucky enough to live near rivers or lakes, they simply jumped in every day when it was time for a bath. That was easy, but it also brought its own dangers. Obviously, the river water was completely untreated. In many cases, it carried its own germs and parasites.

Peasants mostly didn’t have access to soaps (and certainly not to shampoos!) at that time. So all they were really doing was washing off the dirt and grime that had accumulated on their bodies after a long, hard day of manual labor. They’d go to sleep, get up, do it all over again, and repeat the cycle endlessly. Peasants who were less fortunate or not situated near bodies of water bathed a lot less often. And some didn’t bathe at all. We know it must have smelled crazy in there.

When Ya Gotta Go…Well-to-do people living in castles and on estates had benches with holes in them to use as primitive toilets during the medieval era. But normal people mostly didn’t have access to even simple and rudimentary things like that. Instead, they were forced to use outhouses at best - and share them with large community groups all at once.

At worst, they were given chamberpots or waste buckets. When the urge came to use the bathroom, they had to go in the little pot and then somehow manage not to ruin their tiny hovels with the stench. When the chamberpots started to become filled up, they had to drag them out, careful not to spill any waste on their stuff, and get rid of the mess.

Disgusting, right? Well, it gets worse. There were no pipes to run sewage and human waste along like we have nowadays. So, there were only two places for peasants to toss their excrement when their chamberpots filled up. The first was at the local river. Yes, that would be the very same river from which peasants were pulling out water to bathe or jumping in to get cleaned off. Gross!

The second spot was the street. Peasants would simply take their chamberpots out to the street, turn them over, and dump their wet contents all over the cobblestones. And that was that. See, back then, people believed that the smell of waste was what caused disease, and not the germs in it. So, they were keen on getting rid of the smell as quickly as possible. If only they knew…

Clothing Conundrums: Many people who had means in medieval times dressed in several layers of clothing. Among other reasons, that was so they could avoid having to wash their outer garments too often. But peasants didn’t own several layers of clothing. They pretty much just wore one thing day after day after day.

Now, impressively, etiquette books from the time actually counseled people to wash their clothing regularly. They even advised that one should change their underwear every day! Peasants mostly couldn’t read and didn’t have access to those books, but culturally, the practices nevertheless made it down to them. Seems less disgusting than you would have expected, right? Well, it wasn’t all sunshine and roses like that.

As we’ve already learned, the average peasant really only had access to regular water if it was in a nearby river or lake. So they would go down to the river once a week or so and try to scrub their dirty clothes in the water. If they were lucky, they had access to some lye soap to clean their clothes as best they could. If they were unlucky - and most were unlucky - they could only use the dirty river water alone. And as we’ve seen so far in this list, that water was filled with all kinds of nasty bacteria.

In addition to nature’s regular onslaught, rivers were horribly polluted, with people upstream thoughtlessly dumping their waste into it. Downstream, then, peasants were forced to wash their clothes in that same water. How’d you like to put those garments back on your body afterward?

Look Out for Lice: When it came to living in medieval times, head lice and fleas were simple facts of life. Parasites like that were ubiquitous because nobody had any idea what shampoo was. And soap, as we’ve learned, was really a hit-or-miss affair. Plus, horribly dirty water from rivers and lakes was the best people could do to “bathe,” if you can even call it that.

So comb makers had to get creative with how they produced their products to make up for all that. And create, they did: During the Middle Ages, comb makers started putting more and more fine-toothed fingers on their combs. The hair of the average medieval peasant was so thick with lice that the combs with tight, tiny fingers could actually yank them out. Of course, sleeping in squalor meant the lice just went right back in the next day. But at least they were trying, right?

That’s not all, either. Peasants eventually got around to figuring out ways to delouse themselves and each other. And the delousing groups were so important to overall health and so fun to take part in that they actually became a social activity! Sure, we might think of a social outing as a trip to a bar, going to see a baseball game, visiting the zoo, or something like that.

However, in the Middle Ages, people routinely took their social time by helping to delouse one another and get as clean as they could. Women who were skilled at delousing even made a bit of a side hustle out of it, successfully charging militaries and other groups to come along and do the delousing of a large group of people for a fee. Anything for a buck, right?

Hangin’ at the Cesspit: In the modern era, we flush our toilets, rinse our hands in the sinks, and go on about our day. Way back when, peasants would all, uh, hang out at the cesspit. Sadly, we’re not totally kidding about that. See, whenever a chamberpot became too full with excrement, peasants had to haul it off to the local cesspit. In many cities, towns, and villages back then, this was a communal cesspit in which everybody would dump their waste together.

Many people also dumped old food, rotten fruits and vegetables, and other forms of garbage into the pit. Can you even imagine how bad it must have smelled? And it’s even worse to think about how those cesspits would inevitably leak into the ground, contaminate the groundwater, and make the surrounding soil for quite a considerable area absolutely disgusting.

However, that wasn’t even the worst part! The worst part is that much of the contamination likely traveled very quickly to areas where water had descended, including rivers and lakes. Water always finds the lowest point, of course. And so, too, does the waste that tracks along with it. Just imagine a big area right on the outskirts of a city in which everybody is tossing out their human waste with nary a care in the world. They’d lug and dump horse and livestock waste, too, with nowhere else to leave it. Gross, right?

In bigger cities, the cesspits were even worse. That’s because, in those cities, many people would dump their chamberpots from second and third-story balconies where they lived right onto the street below! Inevitably, the mess would attract mice, rats, and other vermin. And that’s not to mention the smell - and the splatter zone that would inevitably be created around the mess…

Horrible Sleeping Habits: The average medieval peasant slept on a bed made of straw - and some slept on hay and other bedding. But while that might seem better than, say, sleeping on the floor, it came with its own major problems. Sure, peasants were comfortable and relatively insulated from the cold by sleeping on straw. But they were also sleeping with rats, mice, and tons of things they couldn’t see, including bedbugs, fleas, and lice!

People in the Middle Ages didn’t exactly understand how germs worked, and they didn’t have a pressing drive to get rid of them. They did do one thing, though: They used scented flowers and herbs to try to make things seem cleaner. You know how you tend to spray Febreze to liven up a place? It was sort of like that. But it didn’t kill any of the bugs!

There were other issues when it came to medieval bed and sleeping rituals, too. Namely, peasants often slept in tandem or group bedding situations. Entire families would sleep together in bed either to keep warm together or because they lacked the money for multiple beds. Some even lacked the place to put down multiple beds in their tiny hovels.

This meant that if one person was even slightly sick, they would immediately and undoubtedly spread those germs to everyone else around them. Can you imagine the issues with flu season when it came to people sharing beds like that? We need to take some Vitamin C just thinking about it!

Women’s Woes: If you think all peasants had it equally bad in the Middle Ages when it came to hygiene, we have news for you: Women had it much, much worse. (Certainly, any woman reading this list right now is probably nodding along, knowing the whole time that this was coming, right?) Women have so often had it worse throughout history, and the medieval era was no exception. And specifically for the purposes of this list, it’s their menstruation that is drawing attention.

Unfortunately, tampons and other period products were very much not a thing way back then. In their places, many women resorted to absolutely insane methods to collect and soak up blood during their monthly cycles. Most notably, some women used dirty and soiled pieces of rags to do the job. Others wrapped strips of cloth around tiny twigs to use as a de facto tampon. Still, others resorted to using absorbent moss as an impromptu pad. Yes, really -sticks, twigs, and moss as period products.

Even worse than that, religious authorities at the time regarded menstruation as being shameful and disgusting. So, many women of the Middle Ages felt significant pressure to hide their monthly movements from the men in their lives. Lots of women carried around scented herbs and flowers in a bid to mask the smell so men wouldn’t be able to tell.

Also, you have to remember that women’s lives were so brutally hard and their overall health so poor during the Middle Ages that it is likely that they may have routinely missed periods. That would at least get them off the hook when it came to soaking up the blood and masking the smells, but it certainly wasn’t easy on their bodies. Truly, women suffered worse than men during that period in so many ways - monthly menstrual cycles chief among them.

Primitive Dental Care: There were no such things as toothbrushes around during the Middle Ages. So, without them on hand to clean teeth, peasants resorted to using twigs to brush out any excess food particles. Well, the ones they could find and root out, at least. Plaque and gingivitis and all that were completely unknown, of course. Some peasants would even go so far as to place a piece of wool over their teeth and then rinse their mouths out with water.

Those who were slightly better off and had access to salt would create a mixture of that and sage to form a very primitive paste that could freshen their breath. It would even whiten their teeth - you know, ‘whiten’ being a relative term considering how terrible dental care was way back then.

Now, as disgusting as all this sounds, things weren’t so bad for peasants. That’s in large part because sugar was virtually entirely absent from their diets. They had no money to pay for sugar being imported from faraway lands (in the rare cases that it even was imported at all). So, without it, their teeth held up better than you’d expect.

Still, if they had to remove a problem tooth, the work was absolutely barbaric. There was no such thing as anesthesia. And dentists at the time weren’t doctors as much as they were butchers. Peasants would often get extremely drunk before having their teeth pulled just to try to dull the pain as much as possible. It rarely worked.

Wine for Wounds: Alcohol wasn’t only used to dull peasants’ senses when it came time for primitive dental work. Wine was also used as a medical option to help cure ailments - and help anesthetize patients in early ways. As you might expect, most peasants believed that prayer was the answer to all their health issues.

They had minimal schooling if any at all, and with the church functioning as such an important part of their lives, that’s where they turned for help. Slowly, however, knowledge of science and medicine began to spread across Europe. And when it did, it manifested itself in some strange (but actually understandable) ways.

Take the use of wine to clean wounds as an example. At the most primitive hospitals and surgery centers of the medieval era, doctors had figured out that alcohol could be used to successfully clean wounds. They also learned that any lacerations they made could be cauterized to get closed back up nice and tight. So, if you went in for an operation of any kind in the Middle Ages, you were going to be doused with wine and then burned back until your skin closed at the end of it. As you might expect, a great many people died from infections in this context since nobody knew the first thing about hygiene. But at least you could maybe get drunk and bathe in wine while perishing. Yay?

But They DID Wash Their Hands! Here is possibly the most crazy fact of them all: many medieval peasants washed their hands. Like, very often! Keeping one’s hands clean was seen as an important custom of the Middle Ages. It went back to showing that one took pride in one’s appearance. It was also considered common etiquette to keep one’s hands clean and free from dirt and grime. People in the Middle Ages knew nothing of unseen germs and bacteria, but they nevertheless wanted to keep their hands routinely washed just to showcase their civility to others. And so they did!

There were a few things people did when it came to hand-washing etiquette. First, they always washed their hands and face in whatever water they had available after they woke up. Then, they continued to wash their hands at various points throughout the day. After work and before dinner, they very often washed their hands to ensure that they were clean enough for the meal.

That was particularly important, too, since silverware wasn’t really a thing. Virtually all people in the Middle Ages - and certainly all peasants - ate with their hands and typically grabbed food with their grubby fingers from out of a communal bowl or dish. Better hope everybody else washed their hands, too, in that scenario!"

The Daily "Near You?"

Lugoff, South Carolina, USA. Thanks for stopping by!

"Get Your Stuff Together..."

“We all got problems. But there’s a great book out called “Too Soon Old, Too Late Smart.” Did you see that? That book says the statute of limitations has expired on all childhood traumas. Get your stuff together and get on with your life, man. Stop whinin’ about what’s wrong, because everybody’s had a rough time, in one way or another.”
- Quincy Jones

"The American Alcibiades"

"The American Alcibiades"
by The ZMan

"One of the features of the Trump era has been the sense of chaos that seems to surround everything about the man. Whether as a candidate, as president or as the hero in the fight against the villains of Washington, there is always a whirlwind of action around him that makes understanding it difficult. We now see this in his foreign policy which looks more like a game of flipping over tables and smashing things than a coherent strategy to advance national interests.

The most recent example is the caper to regime change Iran in the middle of negotiations to end the half century cold war with them. Despite the mountain of lies, it is clear that the plan was to decapitate the Iranian government, attack the nuclear facilities and then usher in a regime change. Israel went after military leaders, political leaders, and the top nuclear scientists. They also attacked what they thought were their key nodes in their air defense system.

Despite Trump’s denials, it is clear that the Trump admin knew about this scheme from the start and helped make it possible. When it looked like it was successful, Trump posted about how negotiations were just a ruse to get the Iranians into a false sense of security, but he changed gears once it was clear the scheme failed. He also claimed to have vetoed the killing of Ali Khamenei, the current Supreme Leader of Iran, but that is just damage control after the fact.

As an aside, if you want to get a sense of who really runs American foreign policy, look at the parallels between this sneak attack on Iran and the sneak attack on the Russian strategic bombers. Both used pre-programmed drones launched from trucks. Both used negotiations as a ruse. Both served the interests of those who wanted to halt negotiations with the targeted party. In both of these cases, we see the same fingerprints, but who belongs to those fingerprints is not clear.

That aside, the plan failed. After the initial shock, Iran was able to quickly respond to the attacks with what has been a very effective missile campaign. They also got their air defense system back online and now Israel jets have to operate well outside of their range, which limits what Israel can attack inside Iran. Israel, of course, is lobbying Trump to attack Iran, but so far, he has resisted. The rumor at the moment is that Israel is quietly asking for a truce.

To make things more complicated, Chinese aircraft are landing in Iran, presumably with missiles for Iran. These could also be North Korean missiles. China is Iran’s biggest customer for energy products. China is an 80% owner in the South Pars gas field, which is part of the North Dome field, the biggest on earth. Of course, Russia has a security agreement with Iran and is no doubt providing intelligence for Iranian missile strikes on key targets inside Israel.

On the surface, this looks like a disaster. There is no reason for Iran to do a deal with Washington after this betrayal of basic diplomatic norms. There is no reason for Iran to take the deal on officer, if they decided to come back to the table. They have leverage now, so they will demand much more from Trump. The Israel lobby is now in crisis as the options here are terrible. If Trump green lights an attack on Iran’s nuclear bunkers, we probably get a regional war that America cannot afford.

The Israel lobby does not care about the damage done to America or the American people, but they do care about Israel. What the weekend revealed is that the vaunted Israel air defense system is a paper tiger. Iran was able to overload it and is now hitting targets inside Israel at will. A regional war could very well mean the end of Israel or at least turning Tel Aviv into Gaza. Expect to hear the usual big mouths like Lindsay Graham demanding a truce in the air war this week.

Attacking Iran brings other risks. It is clear that Iran can reach out and touch American assets in the region. That includes naval assets. Trump called off the operation against the Houthis due to both the cost and the risk to American assets. Iran is orders of magnitude more powerful than Yemen. Then you have the American bases in Iraq, Syria, and Saudi Arabia. There are secret bases that do not appear on any map in Saudi Arabia where the U.S. military operates.

Then there is the elephant in the room. If Trump escalates, the Iranians will probably close the Strait of Hormuz. The Houthis will shut off access to the Red Sea. That means a third of the world’s oil supply stops flowing. What Trump has to ponder, therefore, is whether this is worth gas lines and perhaps rationing. Disrupt the flow of energy and the rest of the world gets involved in this war. The rest of the word does not care about the psychological wellbeing of the Israelis.

Rational people look at this and conclude that Trump will do the rational thing and avoid taking the bait, while working to get a truce. Rational people forget that a rational actor would never have signed off on the sneak attack. Two data points does not make a pattern, but Trump has signed off on two Pearl Harbor style schemes in just the few months he has been in office. This morning brings news that an “armada” of refueling planes left for the Middle East.

Note also that Stealth Bombers have been positioned at Diego Garcia for months, which is from where an attack on Iran’s nuclear bunkers would be launched. These are the planes that can drop the bunker busters that could possibly get to the underground facilities housing Iran’s nuclear program. Trump has been talking about Iran and Israel maybe getting a truce deal done. Given Trumps habit of attacking the people with whom he is negotiating, an attack in Iran is probably imminent.

Regardless of whether Trump throws gasoline on this fire or not, the region is now in chaos and that seems to please Trump. Not only that, but his base of support in the United States is sharply divided. The old people who let Fox News do their thinking are waving the flag and screaming for blood. The younger side takes the phrase “America First” literally, so they oppose another pointless war of choice. Trump is now blasting people like Tucker Carlson over this situation.

That seems to be the goal of the Trump chaos. Another feature of the Trump era is that he never gains anything from the chaos. In this situation, he has the Israel Lobby on their heels, so he could get an Iran deal done that ends this issue for good. There is no reason to think he will take advantage of the opportunity. It is why the way to bet is on an attack this week. It is the one option guaranteed to create more chaos, which seems to be the narcotic of Trump’s choosing.

Perhaps this is just a symptom. Trump as the Mule from the Asimov novel could be what happens at the end of democratic empire. Athens also suffered from a mercurial figure at the end of their empire. Alcibiades, known for his personal ambition, ego and unpredictable behavior, was a key figure in the downfall of Athens. Perhaps that is what we are seeing with Trump. He is the American Alcibiades presiding over the final phase of the American empire."

Judge Napolitano, "Scott Ritter: Analysis of Israel/Iran War"

Judge Napolitano - Judging Freedom, 6/16/25
"Scott Ritter: Analysis of Israel/Iran War"
Comments here:
o
Judge Napolitano - Judging Freedom, 6/16/25
"Prof. Seyed Mohammad Marandi:The View From Tehran!"
Comments here:
o
Full screen recommended.
Borschy, 6/16/25
"Iran Strikes Back – Israel Caught Off Guard!"
"“They thought Iran would collapse. They thought a few bombs, a few preemptive strikes would do the job. But no. What happened next stunned not only Israel – but the United States.

In this video, we take you straight into the heart of a covert assault – a campaign planned for over a year, designed to ‘shock the system’ and bring down Iran’s regime. But what they didn’t expect... was that Iran had been preparing for this all along. From wiping out sabotage units in minutes, restoring air defenses within hours, to launching waves of missiles targeting Israel’s industrial and military core – Iran didn’t just defend. It hit back. And it hit back so hard, Tel Aviv panicked.

Why hasn’t a single outlet published the real footage? Why are Israeli military bases completely blacked out in the media? And why did America – the so-called ‘big friend’ – suddenly go silent after promising ‘the mother of all bombs’? We’re exposing it all – step by step – from Trump’s real role, to the blatant lies sold as ‘peace negotiations’. This wasn’t a response. This was a turning point. If you only watch one video today – make it this one. What you think is true… isn’t. And by the time you get to the end, you’ll see it clearly: The game has changed. Forever.”
Comments here:

The Daily "Near You?"

Wichita Falls, Texas, USA. Thanks for stopping by!

"We've All Heard..."

"The early bird catches the worm. A stitch in time saves nine. He who hesitates is lost. We can’t pretend we haven’t been told. We’ve all heard the proverbs, heard the philosophers, heard our grandparents warning us about wasted time, heard the damn poets urging us to seize the day. Still, sometimes, we have to see for ourselves. We have to make our own mistakes. We have to learn our own lessons. We have to sweep today’s possibility under tomorrow’s rug, until we can’t anymore, until we finally understand for ourselves what Benjamin Franklin meant: That knowing is better than wondering. That waking is better than sleeping. And that even the biggest failure, even the worst, most intractable mistake, beats the hell out of never trying.”
- “Meredith”, “Grey’s Anatomy”

Edward Abbey, "Benedicto"

"Benedicto"
"May your trails be crooked, winding, lonesome, dangerous, leading to the most amazing view. May your mountains rise into and above the clouds. May your rivers flow without end, meandering through pastoral valleys tinkling with bells, past temples and castles and poets' towers into a dark primeval forest where tigers belch and monkeys howl, through miasmal and mysterious swamps and down into a desert of red rock, blue mesas, domes and pinnacles and grottos of endless stone, and down again into a deep vast ancient unknown chasm where bars of sunlight blaze on profiled cliffs, where deer walk across the white sand beaches, where storms come and go as lightning clangs upon the high crags, where something strange and more beautiful and more full of wonder than your deepest dreams waits for you - beyond that next turning of the canyon walls."
- Edward Abbey

"Trapping Wild Pigs"

"Trapping Wild Pigs"
by Jeff Thomas

"Most of us would like to assume that we’re smarter than pigs, but are we? Let’s have a look. Pigs are pretty intelligent mammals, and forest-dwelling wild pigs are known to be especially wily. However, there’s a traditional method for trapping them. First, find a small clearing in the forest and put some corn on the ground. After you leave, the pigs will find it. They’ll also return the next day to see if there’s more.

Replace the corn every day. Once they’ve become dependent on the free food, erect a section of fence down one side of the clearing. When they get used to the fence, they’ll begin to eat the corn again. Then you erect another side of the fence.Continue until you have all four sides of the fence up, with a gate in the final side. Then, when the pigs enter the pen to feed, you close the gate.

At first, the pigs will run around, trying to escape. But if you toss in more corn, they’ll eventually calm down and go back to eating. You can then smile at the herd of pigs you’ve caught and say to yourself that this is why humans are smarter than pigs. But unfortunately, that’s not always so. In fact, the description above is the essence of trapping humans into collectivism.

Collectivism begins when a government starts offering free stuff to the population. At first, it’s something simple like free education or food stamps for the poor. But soon, political leaders talk increasingly of "entitlements" – a wonderful concept that by its very name suggests that this is something that’s owed to you, and if other politicians don’t support the idea, then they’re denying you your rights.

Once the idea of free stuff has become the norm and, more importantly, when the populace has come to depend upon it as a significant part of their "diet," more free stuff is offered. It matters little whether the new entitlements are welfare, healthcare, free college, or a guaranteed basic wage. What’s important is that the herd come to rely on the entitlements. Then, it’s time to erect the fence.

Naturally, in order to expand the volume of free stuff, greater taxation will be required. And of course, some rights will have to be sacrificed. And just like the pigs, all that’s really necessary to get humans to comply is to make the increase in fencing gradual. People focus more on the corn than the fence. Once they’re substantially dependent, it’s time to shut the gate.

What this looks like in collectivism is that new restrictions come into play that restrict freedoms. You may be told that you cannot expatriate without paying a large penalty. You may be told that your bank deposit may be confiscated in an emergency situation. You may even be told that the government has the right to deny you the freedom to congregate, or even to go to work, for whatever trumped-up reason.

And of course, that’s the point at which the pigs run around, hoping to escape the new restrictions. But more entitlements are offered, and in the end, the entitlements are accepted as being more valuable than the freedom of self-determination.

Even at this point, most people will remain compliant. But there’s a final stage: The corn ration is "temporarily" cut due to fiscal problems. Then it’s cut again… and again. The freedoms are gone for good and the entitlements are then slowly removed. This is how it’s possible to begin with a very prosperous country, such as Argentina, Venezuela or the US, and convert it into an impoverished collectivist state. It’s a gradual process and the pattern plays out the same way time and again. It succeeds because human nature remains the same. Collectivism eventually degrades into uniform poverty for 95% of the population, with a small elite who live like kings.

After World War II, the Western world was flying high. There was tremendous prosperity and opportunity for everyone. The system was not totally free market, but enough so that anyone who wished to work hard and take responsibility for himself had the opportunity to prosper. But very early – in the 1960s – The Great Society became the byword for government-provided largesse for all those who were in need – free stuff for those who were disadvantaged in one way or another.

Most Americans, who were then flush with prosperity, were only too happy to share with those who were less fortunate. Unfortunately, they got suckered into the idea that, rather than give voluntarily on an individual basis, they’d entrust their government to become the distributor of largesse, and to pay for it through taxation. Big mistake. From that point on, all that was necessary was to keep redefining who was disadvantaged and to then provide more free stuff.

Few people were aware that the first sections of fence were being erected. But today, it may be easier to understand that the fence has been completed and the gate is closing. It may still be possible to make a hasty exit, but we shall find very few people dashing for the gate. After all, to expatriate to another country would mean leaving all that free stuff – all that security.

At this point, the idea of foraging in the forest looks doubtful. Those who have forgotten how to rely on themselves will understandably fear making an exit. They’ll not only have to change their dependency habits; they’ll have to think for themselves in future. But make no mistake about it – what we’re witnessing today in what was formerly the Free World is a transition into collectivism. It will be a combination of corporatism and socialism, with the remnants of capitalism. The overall will be collectivism.

The gate is closing, and as stated above, some members of the herd will cause a fuss as they watch the gate closing. There will be some confusion and civil unrest, but in the end, the great majority will settle down once again to their corn. Only a few will have both the insight and temerity necessary to make a dash for the gate as it’s now closing.

This was true in Argentina when the government was still generous with the largesse, and it was true in Venezuela when the entitlements were at their peak. It is now true of the US as the final transition into collectivism begins. Rather than make the dash for the gate, the great majority will instead look down at their feed and say, "This is still the best country in the world," and continue eating the corn."

"How It Really Was"

"Universal Truth, Facts & Life"
Past happenings, History, facts about life and long living.
By Shiv Tandon

"In the Middle Ages, there were no toothbrushes, perfumes, deodorants, and much less toilet paper. Human excrements were thrown out of palace windows. On a holiday, the palace kitchen was able to prepare a feast for 1500 people, without the minimum hygiene. The explanation is not in the heat, but in the foul odor emitted under the skirts. It was also not customary to shower due to the cold and the almost non-existence of running water. Only the nobles had lackeys to fan them, to dispel the bad odor that exhalated the body and mouth, as well as to scare away the insects.

Those who have been to Versailles have admired the huge and beautiful gardens that, at that time, were not only contemplated, but used as a toilet in the famous ballads promoted by the monarchy, because there were no bathrooms. 


In the Middle Ages, most weddings took place in June. The reason is simple: the first bath of the year was taken in May; so, in June, the smell of people was still tolerable. However, as some odors were already beginning to bother, the brides carried bouquets of flowers near their bodies to cover the odor. Hence the explanation of the origin of the bridal bouquet. The baths were taken in a single massive tub filled with hot water. The head of the family had the privilege of the first swim in clean water. Then, without changing the water, the others arrived in the house, in order of age, women, also by age and finally, children. The babies were the last ones to bathe.

During the 1600s and 1700s, the Palace of Versailles, like many other European royal residences, did not have modern bathrooms or sanitation facilities.

1. No bathrooms: The Palace of Versailles, built during the reign of Louis XIV (1638-1715), did not have dedicated bathrooms. Instead, chamber pots and commodes were used in private quarters.

2. Medieval hygiene: During the Middle Ages, personal hygiene was not a priority. Toothbrushes, perfumes, deodorants, and toilet paper were not widely used or available.

3. Waste disposal: Human waste was often disposed of by throwing it out of windows or into streets, a practice known as "chamber pot emptying." This was common in many European cities, including Paris.

4. Palace specifics: Versailles had some primitive sanitation facilities, like latrines and cesspits, but they were not connected to a modern sewage system. Waste was often collected in cesspits and emptied manually.

5. Royal exceptions: Royalty and nobility used decorative commodes and chamber pots, sometimes with aromatic herbs or perfumes to mask odors. However, these were not connected to drainage systems.

6. Modernization: It wasn't until the late 18th and early 19th centuries that modern plumbing and sanitation systems were gradually introduced in European royal palaces, including Versailles.

These practices were common during that time period and not unique to Versailles. The palace has since undergone significant modernization and now features modern bathrooms and sanitation facilities."

"How It Really Is"

"US National Debt Clock"