"The Denial Of Death"
"The idea of death, the fear of it, haunts the human animal like nothing else; it is a mainspring of human activity - designed largely to avoid the fatality of death, to overcome it by denying in some way that it is the final destiny of man."
Excerpt: "The prospect of death, Dr. Johnson said, wonderfully concentrates the mind. The main thesis of this book is that it does much more than that : the idea of death, the fear of it, haunts the human animal like nothing else; it is a mainspring of human activity - activity designed largely to avoid the fatality of death, to overcome it by denying in some way that it is the final destiny for man. I believe, that knowledge is in a state of useless overproduction
I have had the growing realization over the past few years that the problem of man’s knowledge is not to oppose and to demolish opposing views, but to include them in a larger theoretical structure .
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction: Human Nature and the Heroic: Freud discovered that each of us repeats the tragedy of the mythical Greek Narcissus: we are hopelessly absorbed with ourselves. If we care about anyone it is usually ourselves first of all. This narcissism is what keeps men marching into point-blank fire in wars: at heart one doesn’t feel that he will die, he only feels sorry for the man next to him.
The unconscious does not know death or time: in man’s physiochemical, inner organic recesses he feels immortal . In man a working level of narcissism is inseparable from self- esteem, from a basic sense of self-worth. In childhood we see the struggle for self-esteem at its least disguised. The child is unashamed about what he needs and wants most. His whole organism shouts the claims of his natural narcissism.
We like to speak casually about “sibling rivalry,” as though it were some kind of by-product of growing up , a bit of competitiveness and selfishness of children who have been spoiled, who haven’t yet grown into a generous social nature. But it is too all-absorbing and relentless to be an aberration , it expresses the heart of the creature : the desire to stand out , to be the one in creation. When you combine natural narcissism with the basic need for self-esteem, you create a creature who has to feel himself an object of primary value: first in the universe, representing in himself all of life .
Sibling rivalry is a critical problem that reflects the basic human condition: it is not that children are vicious , selfish , or domineering. It is that they so openly express man’s tragic destiny: he must desperately justify himself as an object of primary value in the universe; he must stand out, be a hero, make the biggest possible contribution to world life, show that he counts more than anything or anyone else.
It doesn’t matter whether the cultural hero-system is frankly magical, religious, and primitive or secular, scientific, and civilized. It is still a mythical hero-system in which people serve in order to earn a feeling of primary value, of cosmic specialness, of ultimate usefulness to creation, of unshakable meaning .
Society itself is a codified hero system , which means that society everywhere is a living myth of the significance of human life, a defiant creation of meaning. Every society thus is a "religion” whether it thinks so or not: Soviet “religion” and Maoist “religion” are as truly religious as are scientific and consumer “religion,” no matter how much they may try to disguise themselves by omitting religious and spiritual ideas from their lives .
CHAPTER TWO: The Terror of Death: "Is it not for us to confess that in our civilized attitude towards death we are once more living psychologically beyond our means, and must reform and give truth its due ? Would it not be better to give death the place in actuality and in our thoughts which properly belongs to it, and to yield a little more prominence to that unconscious attitude towards death which we have hitherto so carefully suppressed? This hardly seems indeed a greater achievement, but rather a backward step… but it has the merit of taking somewhat more into account the true state of affairs..." - Sigmund Freud
Of all things that move man , one of the principal ones is his terror of death. Heroism is first and foremost a reflex of the terror of death. We admire most the courage to face death; we give such valor our highest and most constant adoration; it moves us deeply in our hearts because we have doubts about how brave we ourselves would be. The hero was the man who could go into the spirit world, the world of the dead, and return alive .
These cults, as G . Stanley Hall so aptly put it, were an attempt to attain “an immunity bath” from the greatest evil: death and the dread of it. Zilboorg says that most people think death fear is absent because it rarely shows its true face; but he argues that underneath all appearances fear of death is universally present: Let sanguine healthy- mindedness do its best with its strange power of living in the moment and ignoring and forgetting, still the evil background is really there to be thought of, and the skull will grin in at the banquet.
Such constant expenditure of psychological energy on the business of preserving life would be impossible if the fear of death were not as constant. The very term “ self-preservation ” implies an effort against some force of disintegration ; the affective aspect of this is fear, fear of death .
Therefore in normal times we move about actually without ever believing in our own death, as if we fully believed in our own corporeal immortality. We are intent on mastering death… A man will say, of course, that he knows he will die some day , but he does not really care. He is having a good time with living , and he does not think about death and does not care to bother about it - but this is a purely intellectual, verbal admission. The affect of fear is repressed. Repression takes care of the complex symbol of death for most people."
“Death twitches my ear; 'Live,' he says...
'I am coming.” - Virgil
Freely download "The Denial Of Death", by Ernest Becker, here:
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